精讲复习指导
第9-10单元学习指导
Unit 9 Aging in European Countries
重要的词汇和词组
Classify
Approximate
Paradox
Proportion
Dependency ratio抚养率
Liability
salient
Resettlement
Demography
Experiential
Revision
to the fore在近处，在前面
Slippery

句子
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be---at least, for nay future that concerns us now.
There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.
有一种说法表面上看起来是不对的，实际却是正确的，这就是造成老年人比率高真正起作用的原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。
It is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.
是因为西欧和西北欧出生率比别的地方下降得早，而不是因为死亡率发生任何变化。

练习：
P222 第一题

Text B Children’s Self-esteem
词汇和词组
Cope with
No other reason than
Infant
Temporary
Self-defeating
Isolate
Inconsiderate
Contribute to
Reinforcement
Privilege
Tangible确实的，真实的，可触摸的，可感知的

句子
Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problem rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
When feeling about the self have been threatened and self-esteem is low, everything becomes more of an effort.一切事情都需要更费力地去做。
More of 在更大程度上；更多地是……
It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.直到……才

语法：
虚拟语气

P233
1.在if only 引出的句子中
If only〉〉但愿；要是……就好了
2.在would rather, would sooner后的that从句中，使用过去完成时表示对已发生的动作的愿望。
3.在it is (high) time 后的that从句中，一般使用过去时动词。
4.在以lest, for fear that, in case引出的从句中，一般使用“should +动词原形”构成谓语。

重点虚拟语气
错综时间非真实条件句中的虚拟语气。条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生在不同的时间。

见书上235页。
如：If we had set out earlier, we wouldn’t be walking in the rain.
如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。

需用虚拟语气的其它一些情况。

Unit 10
Text A the campaign for election

词汇和词组
Campaign
Presidential
Minor-party
Major-party
Democratic
Nominee
Nomination
Draw away from
Stand no chance
Candidate
Decline
Strategically
Slogan
Motivate
Approval rating
Constitutional provision

句子：
More than two-thirds of the nation’s voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party’s presidential candidate.
Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.

Text B The American Two-party System

词汇和词组
Rivalry
Collectively
Nominate
Competitive
Dominance
Electorate
Inevitably
Assault
Parliamentary
Monopoly
Temporarily
Moreover
As long as
Moderate

句子
Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go.
In over 200 years of constitutional history, Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.
Our history justifies our confidence in the system but also shows that it is not foolproof.不会出毛病，
我国的历史证明，我们有理由对这一制度报有信心，但历史也表明这一制度并非万无一失。
The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third, fourth, and fifth parties.
第二大党在竞选失败后仍能生存，这是因为统计数字夸大了获胜政党胜利的趋势，和第三、第四 和第五政党比较起来，对第二大党更为有利。

阅读
理解2

01年10月

Passage One

Questions 20 to 25 are based on the following passage.

　　In the past industries had more freedom than they have now，and they did not need to be as careful as they must today. They did not need to ①worry a lot about the safety of the new products that they developed. They did not have to ②pay much attention to the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were dangerous for the people who used them；often conditions in the work place had very bad effects on the health of the workers.
Of course sometimes there were real disasters which attracted the attention of government and which showed need for changes. Also scientists who were doing research into the health of workers sometimes produced information which governments could not ignore. At such times，there were inquiries（调查，质询） into the causes of the disaster or the problems. New safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquiries；however， the new rules came too late to protect the people who had died or become seriously ill.（22）
Today many governments have special departments which protect customers and workers. In the U.S.，for example，there is a department which tests new airplanes and gives warnings about possible problems. It also makes the rules that aircraft producers must follow. Another department controls the foods and drugs that companies sell. A third department looks at the places where people work，and then reports any companies that are breaking laws which protect the health and safety of workers.
21. According to Paragraph 1，compared with today，industries in the past _______.
[A] were controlled less strictly
[B] were worse off（情况更差，更加贫困，处境更糟）
[C] affected more people‘s health
[D] put out more unhealthy products
要点推理题
[B]在文章中找不到，[C]， [D]是[A]的具体细节表现；[A]更具有概括性

　　22. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that years ago governments _________.
[A] paid much attention to the results of scientific discoveries
[B] seldom introduced safety laws before disasters occurred
[C] hardly ever looked into the causes of tragedies
[D] imposed safety rules as soon as disasters occurred、
细节理解题
第二段最后一句话可以找到答案

　　23. In the U.S. today ________.
[A] there are altogether three departments which protect customers and workers
[B] stores dealing in foods and drugs are under government control
[C] a company with poor or dangerous working conditions is likely to be punished
[D] the protection of workers‘ health and safety is well ensured
细节理解题
见最后一句话。
第三个部门监督人们工作场所并报告那些违反法律的公司。

　　24. The main topic of the passage is _________.
[A] industries in the past and at present
[B] changes in the development of industries
[C] the protection of industrial workers and customers
[D] the freedom of industries
主旨题
本篇首句就点明了主题，产业的自由度。

　　25. The purpose of this passage is to __________.
[A] inform
[B] criticize
[C] entertain
[D] persuade
主旨题
使用了具体的例子对过去和现在的状况进行了对比，是客观的语气。

评析：这样的文章很简单，问题也很简单，文章读起来也不难，但是问题一般都不是直接就能找出来的，需要细节分析。最后连问了两道需要综合分析的问题。
难度指数：☆☆☆+

Passage Two

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
I made a pledge（promise）to myself on the way down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I would try to be a loving husband and father. Totally loving. No ifs，ands or buts.（26）
The idea had come to me as I listened to a talk on my car radio. The speaker was quoting a Biblical（圣经的）passage about husbands being thoughtful of their wives. Then he went on to say，“Love is an act of will. A person can choose to love.” To myself，I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband. Well，for two weeks that would change.
And it did. Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said，“That new yellow sweater（套头衫） looks great on you.”
“Oh， Tom， you noticed，”she said， surprised and pleased. Maybe a little puzzled.
After the long drive，I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn suggested a walk on the beach. I started to refuse，but then I thought，“Evelyn‘s been alone here with the kids all week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.27
So it went. Two weeks of not calling the Wall Street firm where I am a director； a visit to the shell museum though I usually hate museums. Relaxed and happy，that‘s how the whole vacation passed. I made a new pledge to keep on remembering to choose love.
There was one thing that went wrong with my experiment，however. Evelyn and I still laugh about it today. On the last night at our cottage，preparing for bed，Evelyn stared at me with the saddest expression.
“What‘s the matter？”I asked her.
“Tom，”she said in a voice filled with distress，“do you know something I don‘t？”
“What do you mean？”
“Well…that checkup（体检） I had several weeks ago…our doctor…did he tell you something about me？Tom，you‘ve been so good to me…am I dying？”
It took a moment for it all to sink in（understood）. Then I burst out laughing.
“No， honey，”I said， wrapping her in my arms.” You’re not dying； I’m just starting to live.”
26. In the first paragraph，“No ifs，ands or buts” probably means“_________.”
[A] Unintentionally
[B] Inevitably
[C] Impressively
[D] Unconditionally
句意理解题
“no ifs, ands and buts” 表示无条件地、绝对地要干某事，不可能因意外情况而取消。

　　27. From the story we may infer that Tom drove to the beach cottage ________.
[A] with his family
[B] with Evelyn
[C] alone
[D] with his children
辨认事实题
第五段最后一句中的“we”和“children”表明全家人出游。

　　28. During the two weeks on the beach，Tom showed more love to his wife because _________.
[A] she looked lovely in her new clothes
[B] he had made a lot of money in his Wall Street firm
[C] he was determined to be a good husband
[D] she was seriously ill
推理题
本文第一段即表明了他向妻子示爱的决心。

　　29. The author says，“There was one thing that went wrong with my experiment.” What was the one thing that went wrong？
[A] He praised her sweater，which puzzled her.
[B] She insisted on visiting a museum，which he hated.
[C] He knew something about her illness but didn‘t tell her.
[D] He was so good to her that she thought she must be dying.
段意理解题
第七段最后面的对话实际上属于一个段落，妻子说的最后一句话点明了句首的“悬念”

　　30. By saying” I’m just starting to live，”Tom means that ________.
[A] he is just beginning to understand the real meaning of life
[B] he is just beginning to enjoy life as a loving husband
[C] he lived an unhappy life before and is now starting to change
[D] he is beginning to feel regret for what he did to his wife before
主旨题
[B]以现在为起点的良好开端，而不是对过去的后悔。

评析：本篇文章是一片叙事性文章，类似的文章在每段一般不会有topic sentence，所以需要把握住线索，自己来分析。但是类似的文章一般不会有很多生词，所以阅读不是问题，只是问题中有一个或者两个需要分析一下的。有时会在文章中对相应得词组或者单词划线考察。
难度指数：☆☆☆-

Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Americans who remember” the good old days” are not alone in complaining about the educational system in this country. Immigrants（移民）complain， too. Lately a German friend was filled with anger when he learned that the mathematics test given to his son on his first day as a college freshman included multiplication and division. Japanese businessmen in Los Angeles send their children to private schools staffed（充当职员） by teachers imported from Japan to learn mathematics at Japanese levels， generally considered at least a year more advanced than the level here.     
But I wonder： If American education is so poor， why is it that this is still the country of innovation（创新）？
When I was 12 in Indonesia， I had to memorize the name of all the world‘s major cities， from Kabul to Karachi. At the same age，my son，who was brought up a Californian， thought that Buenos Aires[5bwenEs5aiEriz] was Spanish for good food. However，unlike children of his age in Asia and Europe，my son had studied creative geography. When he was only 6， he drew a map of the route that he traveled to get to school， including the streets，the traffic signs and the houses that he passed.
Dissatisfied American parents forget that in this country their children are able to experiment freely with ideas； without this they will not really be able to think or to believe in themselves.
Critics of American education cannot grasp one thing： freedom. America，I think，is the only country that extends even to children the license（permission）to freely speak， write and be creative. Our public education certainly is not perfect，but it is a great deal better than any other. I think I have found the answer to my question.

　　31. From the text we learn that _________.
[A] both Americans and immigrants are dissatisfied with the quality of American education
[B] the author shares the general idea that American education is worse than education in many other countries
[C] Japanese schools in America require their American teachers to teach mathematics at Japanese levels
[D] the author‘s German friend was a little displeased because the mathematics test for his son was too easy
判断题
选择D

　　32. Which of the following is NOT true？
[A] The author most probably was an immigrant from Asia and received some school education there.
[B] Buenos Aires must be the name of a city，as are Kabul and Karachi.
[C] Children in other countries are not likely to learn creative geography.
[D] The knowledge of geography of the author‘s son shows that American education is poor.
判断题
D句意正好与原文相反，作者认为儿子能创造性地画地图正是美国教育优越性的体现。

　　33. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？
[A] If children are not allowed to experiment freely with ideas they won‘t grow up independent and creative.
[B] Most Americans think the present American educational system is not as good as it used to be
[C] Private schools run by Japanese businessmen maintain a higher level than American public schools.
[D] Americans are more innovative than other people in the world.
推理题
第四段可以找到答案。
译文：由于孩子们允许试验新观念，否则，他们不能以自己的方式去思考或行为了。

　　34. In the last paragraph the author says，“I have found the answer to my question.” What is the question？
[A] Is Japanese education better than American education？
[B] Why do Japanese businessmen send their children to Japanese-staffed schools？
[C] Why was my son not taught enough geographic knowledge？
[D] Is American education really worse than education in other countries？
推理题
第二段的问题即是作者的疑虑所在，D实际上是它的变通了的说法。

　　35. What would be the best title for this passage？
[A] American education and education in foreign countries
[B] Improvement needed for American education
[C] Freedom to think-characteristic of American education
[D] Education and innovation in America
主旨题
本文采取了愈扬先抑的手法，重点在扬，即先列举人们对美国教育的不满，而后对此进行驳斥，提出自己的观点，其目的在于更有力地强调美国教育的优越性即让学生有自由思考的空间。

评析：本文作者通过一个现象，列举自己的观点。对社会存在的一种看法提出驳斥。文章词汇量不多。内容简单。问题也不难，只有一个主旨题。
难度指数：☆☆☆

21.A   22.B   23.C   24.C   25.A   26.D   27.C   28.C   29.D     30.B 
31.A   32.D    33.A    34.D    35.C

2002年4月
Passage One
　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
“No man is an island,” wrote the poet John Donne several centuries ago. （21）He was acknowledging one of our most distinctive characteristics: the fact that we are social animals whose behavior and personalities are shaped by the groups to which we belong. 22
Throughout life, most of our daily activities are performed in the company of others. Whether our purpose is working, playing, raising a family, learning, or simply relaxing, we usually pursue it in groups, even if the group is as small as two or three people. 24Our need for human contacts is not merely a practical one; it is a deep psychological need as well. If people are deprived of the company of others for prolonged periods, mental breakdown(23) is the usual result. Even the Geneva Convention(日内瓦公约) , an international agreement that regulates the treatment of prisoners of war, recognizes this need. It regards solitary(孤独的) imprisonment for more than thirty days as a cruel form of torture (折磨).
In its strictest sense, a group is a collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about one another’s behavior. As a result of this interaction, members feel a common sense of “belonging”. They distinguish members from nonmembers and expect certain kinds of behavior from outsiders（局外人）.
21．By “No man is an island, ” John Donne means_____________.
A．no one can live on an island alone
B．a man is not surrounded by sea on all sides
C．a man and an island are irrelevant
D．no one can live in isolation from other people
句意理解题
这句是比喻，即人不可能像岛屿一样与世隔绝。

　　22．The fact that we work or even play in groups illustrates the point that__________.
A．people are different from animals
B．Donne recognized the group to which he belonged
C．human beings are social animals
D．human behavior and personalities are formed by others
推理题
仔细阅读第一段，最后一句可以得知：他承认我们最明显的一个特点：我们是社会动物，我们的个性和行为举止有我们所属于的团体的特点。
23．“Breakdown” as used in Line 4, Paragraph 2 most probably denotes__________.
A．separation       B．collapse       C．analysis           D．function
词义理解题
Mental breakdown即精神崩溃，与collapse同义。

　　24．According to the passage, what is NOT a characteristic of group?
A．There are at least two people in it.
B．The members share some common grounds.
C．The members work for one purpose.
D．The members interact regularly with each other.
辨认事实题
仔细阅读最后一段的第一句话，译文：严格意义上讲，一个组织是一群人以一种有秩序的方式相互作用而且能够预测彼此的行为。
A，B，D都可以找到，而且未指明“目的”有几个。

　　25．This passage is mainly about__________.
A．the importance of human contacts           B．patterns of human behavior
C．the importance of human activities          D．patterns of human society
主旨题
本文多处说明了独孤的危害和群居的好处，其目的就是要强调人际接触的重要性。
评析：本文是一篇关于人际关系和接触的说明文，文章本身词汇量不是很多，但是读者可能在这些方面了解不够深刻，所以理解起来有一定的障碍。
难度指数：☆☆☆☆-
Passage Two
　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
The word health can be used in a number of ways. In the past, health means only the absence of disease or illness. Today, though, health has a broader meaning. Health is the state of your well-being(安宁，康乐) that includes how you feel physically, mentally, and socially. Wellness is another term that describes this broader view of health. You can understand the need for a broader definition if you think about how health in your life is different from health in your grandparents’ lives.
In 1900, the main causes of death were diseases that were spread by bacteria(细菌) and viruses(病毒). If you had lived then, the danger of your dying from pneumonia(肺炎) would have been three times greater than the danger of your dying from cancer. 27
The diseases that were most common in 1900 affected people of all ages. It is not surprising, then, that around 1900, the emphasis of health was on freedom from illness. Today many of the diseases that were common in 1900 can be prevented or cured by improved medicines and methods of sanitation(卫生). Most diseases now are likely to occur later in life. You as a teenager will probably not have to think about the same threats to your health as your grandparents did.
These improvements in health conditions mean that not only can you now enjoy a better life, but you also have a greater chance of having a longer life. Controlling diseases has increased the life expectancy（28） in the United States. Generally, people born more recently have higher life expectancies. Since 1900, the life expectancy in the United States has increased by more than 27 years. It has increased from 47 years for those born in 1900 to 74 years 1981. （29）
26．According to Paragraph 1, health and wellness__________.
A．can be used interchangeably on all occasions
B．are different in that the latter has a broader sense
C．had the same meaning in the past
D．both refer to the state of your well-being
词义理解题
第一段中两个health和一个wellness 均为斜体，是为了突出这三者的区别，即第二个health与wellness是同等概念，而两个health是同一个概念在不同时期的不同内涵。

　　27．Which of the following statements is true?
A．Diseases caused by bacteria and viruses were incurable in 1900.
B．Bacteria and viruses are the main causes of death today.
C．Medicines for curing pneumonia were not available in 1900.
D．Pneumonia caused as many deaths in 1900 as cancer does today.
判断题
第二段最后一句的译文：如果生活在1900年，死于肺炎的几率是死于癌症的三倍。
28．“Life expectancy” in the last paragraph most probably means__________.
A．the kind of life that a person may expect to live
B．the mode of life that a group of people have lived
C．the length of time that a person or an animal has lived
D．the length of time that people may expect to live
推理题
Expectancy 是expect “期望“的名词形式，故life expectancy 就是预期寿命。

　　29．On an average, people in America who were born in 1900__________.
A．had a life-span of 74 years
B．lived a shorter but better life than those born later
C．lived to 47 years of age
D．lived 27 years longer than those born in 1981
辨认事实题
文章末句可以找到答案。译文：从1900年的47岁增加到1981年的74岁。

　　30．The intended readers of the passage are__________.
A．teenagers         B．the diseased        C．adults        D．aged people
推理题
文中两次提及“grandparents”与“you”和1990与1981年的对比，这期间正好相隔两代人，所以“you”就是现在的年青人。
评析：本文是关于health和disease的一篇说明文。把握住文章中的时间不同的两个阶段的对比，一个是1900年左右，一个是现在。
难度指数: ☆☆☆+
Passage Three
　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by. They have never given the matter any thought. 31
Over the years I have introduced thousands of international visitors to life in the United States. This has caused me to try to look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors, I am confident that the values listed in this booklet describe most (but not all) Americans, and that understanding these values can help you, the international visitor, understand Americans.
It is my belief that if foreign visitors really understand how deeply these 13 values are ingrained33（彻底的，根深蒂固的） in Americans, they will then be able to understand 95% of American actions 32—actions which might otherwise appear “strange, ” “confusing, ”or “unbelievable” when evaluated from the perspective of the foreigner’s own society and its values. 34
The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense （有意义）only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States which surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed in this booklet.
31．Can an ordinary American tell you his/her value system?
A．Yes, because this is something an American lives by.
B．No, because everyone will have his/her own system.
C．No, because he/she has never thought about it.
D．Yes, because values are something often in their thought.
判断题
第一段既是答案。译文：美国人很难告诉你美国人的价值观是什么，由于他们很少想这个问题。

　　32．The author lists 13 values in his booklet to__________.
A．invite foreigners to visit America
B．look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors
C．describe the confusing actions of most Americans
D．help international visitors understand Americans
判断题
第三段即是答案。
译文：如果深刻理解这13种价值观，就能理解95%的美国行为。

　　33．The word “ingrained” in Line 1, Paragraph 3 most probably means“__________”.
A．rooted in the minds           B．found in the grains
C．planted for food              D．prepared with grain
推理题
作此题可以从两个角度考虑：一是构词法，-in加名词可构成表示“向里面去”的动词；二是上下文，deeply肯定是跟“植根”联系得最紧了，而此处又是指人。

　　34．Visitors sometimes find Americans behave in a strange, confusing or unbelievable way, probably because__________.
A．Americans are hard to understand
B．Americans have values which are entirely different from their own
C．they view Americans according to the values in their own society
D．it is difficult to understand any people when you first encounter them
推理题
第三段后半句可找到答案。
译文：美国人的行为如果从外国人本国的社会价值观来看显得“奇怪”，“令人迷惑”和“难以置信”。

　　35．How can you understand a surprising behavior or statement of an American when you visit the United States?
A．By linking it to the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of the Americans.
B．By comparing it with the values of yourself and your country.
C．By expressing one or more of the values in this booklet.
D．By looking at the particular group of people who behave or speak that way.
推理题
最后一句可以找到答案。译文：如果在美国遇到一个奇怪的动作或听到一句令你吃惊的话，努力地这样想：它是这13种价值观中的一种或数种。
评析：这是一篇有关美国人价值观的说明文节选，文章词汇量不多，难度也不是很高。
难度指数：☆☆☆☆-
21．D   22．C   23．B   24．C   25．A   26．D    27．C   28．D    29．C   30．A
31．C   32．D   33．A   34．C   35．A