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英语语法知识<一>
原文作者:未知  文章录入:ellen0027  发布时间:2006-5-11 0:58:24    

   很多朋友反应英语语法基础不好,所以在用英语对话时常常感到有些无措,针对这些情况,我作了些简单的总结,使初学英语的朋友们有一个大概的明了,以便了解在英语句子中词类该怎么运用。

    为了确保准确率,我是重新学习了一遍,然后作了以下笔记,希望对初学英语的朋友们有所帮助。在英语中常常说有八类词,那么我就针对这八类词作了以下简单的总结,今后我还会对其它语法作这样的总结,以供朋友们学习。(名词比较简单,在任何一个句子中都会有名词,所以省略)

 

一、形容词

形容词放于名词前,但是当有一组形容词时,后面的形容词就要放于名词后:

A pretty girl

A pretty girl with a long hair

A pretty girl with a long hair standing at the door

Who is the pretty girl with a long hair standing at the door?

something,anything等代名词时,形容词放名词后:

I have something important to tell you

I am excited不能说成I am exciting

I am interested

二、助动词

助动词后面需加动词原形:

He will come back in a miniuter.

may,can,should,do,must(语气助词)

三、副词

1、副词修饰动词还可修饰形容词和副词本身:

He runs fast

He runs very fast

2、频率副词:always,often,never,sometimes一般放在be动词之后,放在一般动词之前

He is always late

I often get up early.

四、介词

介词连接两个词的关系(in,on,under,up,to)

五、连词

在英文中不能同时用两个连词

Although he is lazy,he is clever==he is lazy,but he is clever.

As long as 只要

六、感叹词

Ouch,it hurts!噢,好痛

七、冠词

不定冠词(a,an)用于不确定的名词,定冠词(the)用于确定的名词

There is a girl at the door.

八、动词

1、不及物动词(vi.):不及物动词若要接宾语必须有一介词

Don’t shout at me

Dont laugh at me

You cant count on(depend on) him(你不能依赖他)

You can depend on my word(你可以相信我的话)

Children count on their parents for food and clothes.(孩子的吃穿都要靠父母)

You can reline on my (你可以依靠我)

The train slowed down to stop.(火车减速了一直到停止)

I will stay here to the end of this month.(我将在这待到月末)

Let’s go for a walk.(我们去散步吧)

1arrive:小地方,arrive后用at;大地方,arrive后用in:

I arrived last night.(我昨晚到的)

He arrived in Newyork last night.(我昨晚到的纽约)

I arrived at school yesterday.(我昨天到的学校)

2rain,既可作名词,又可做动词:

It rained heavily yesterday.(昨天下大雨了)

=We had heavy rain yesterday.

It rained lightly yesterday.(昨天下了小雨)

We had trickle rain yesterday.(昨天下了毛毛雨)

We had down pour rain yesterday.(昨天下了倾盆大雨)

3stay:

Stay:后接目的,用for;

后接地方,用at.

Please stay for lunch with us.(请留下来和我们一起吃饭,吃饭是目的)

She stays at home all day.(她在家待了一整天,家是一个地方)

4Staylive:

Stay表示短期的居住;live表示长期的正式的居住:

I stayed at America two months last year.(我去年在美国待了两个月)

I live in Beijing.(我住在北京)

5jump

Jump up/down:

He jumped down from the roof.(他从房顶上跳下来)

Can you jump over the feace?(你能跳过围墙吗?)

Don’t jump up and down on the sofa.(不要在沙发上跳上跳下)

6Look,sound,smell,tast,feel等词后需加形容词:

You look happy today.(你今天看起来很高兴)

Your idea sounds good.(你的主意听起来很好)

The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来好香)

The soup tasts delicious.(这汤很美味)

Your hand feels soft.(你的手摸起来很软)

7Go

 从没有到变坏的一个状态过程用go

The milk went sour().(牛奶变酸了)

He went blind at the age of ten in an accident.(他十岁的时候在一次事故中变瞎了)

He has gone crazy.(她变疯了)

He went naked on the street yesterday.(昨天他裸身走在大街上)

8〉连缀动词,和be动词有点像,后都接形容词。

be动词:

Are you married?(你结婚了吗?)

Yes.I am married.(是的,我结婚了)

连缀动词:

I got married last year.(我去年结的婚。这里不能说成:I was married last year.)

He got angry with me this morning.(他今天早上生我的气了)

== he was angry with me this morning.

The game became more exciting.(比赛变得越来越精彩了)

Your son has grow much taller.(你儿子长得高多了)

The damage seemed searious.(破坏似乎很严重)

9〉不及物动词后还可接副词:

Come inin是副词,不是介词;

Get  outout也不是介词,而是副词。

He rises early.(他起得早)

=he gets up early.

I go to bed late.(我睡得晚)

I sleep late on Sundays(=everysunday).(我每个星期天都睡得很晚)

10〉主语补词:对主词进行补充说明的词。名词,名词片语(名词后接另一名词或多个名词组成的句子)形容词,形容词片语,介词,介词片语等都可作为主语补词.

a. 名词及名词片语作主语补词:

David is my younger brother.(大维是我弟弟)

My father is a math teacher.(我爸爸是数学老师)

He is a smart boy.(他是一个聪明的男孩儿)

b. 介词片语作主语补词:

He often compains about his low salary.(他常抱怨工资低)

I’m afraid of cockroaches.(我害怕蟑螂)

The problem is that I don’t know him.(问题是我不认识他)

I’m sure (that)he doesn’t like cheers.(我确定他不喜欢奶酪)

She is always quick to react.(他总是反应很快)

It’s sure to rain.(确实下雨了)

Don’t be afraid to ask questions.(不要害怕问问题)

John and marry are in love.(约翰和玛丽恋爱了)

11〉有些词既是及物动词又是不及物动词:

I walk to school.(我走路去学校)

I walk my dog everyday.(我每天都溜狗)

He left hongkong.(left作及物动词时作离开讲)—他离开香港了。

He left for hongkong.left作不及物动词时作起身要去某地讲)----他起身去了香港。

2.及物动词(vt.):及物动词后可直接接宾语

I like English very much.(我非常喜欢英语)

I had a sweet dream last night.(我昨晚做了一个美梦)

I had a nightmare last night.(我昨晚做了一个恶梦)

I’ll contact you by telephone.(我会电话联系你的)

Please answer the question in English.(请用英语回答问题)

She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐)

<1>有些动词可以直接接名词也可以加一介词再接名词,但意思会有所不用,后接的名词形式也会有所不用:

Stop

Stop to do sth. (停下来去做某事)

They stop to smoke a cigarette.(他们停下工作抽了一支烟)

I stopped to take a rest.(我停下来歇息了一会)

Stop doing sth. (停止做某事)

I must stop smoking.(我必须戒烟)

Stop talking gossip about Jill.(停止谈论吉尔的八卦新闻吧)

= Stop gossiping about Jill.

Forget

Forget to do sth.(忘记做某事,事情还没做)

Don’t forget to feed the cat.(别忘了喂猫)

Forget doing sth.(忘记了已发生的事)

She forgot sending a Christmas card last year.(她忘了去年送了我一张圣诞贺卡)

Remember

Remember to do sth.(和forget同)

Please remember to lock the door.(请记得锁门)

Remember doing sth.(同forget

I remember seeing her somewhere before.(我记得以前在哪里见过她)

Regret

Regret to do sth.(对要做的事很遗憾)

I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.(我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法)

Regret doing sth.(后悔做了某事)

I don't regret telling her what I thought.(我很后悔没告诉她我的想法)

cease

cease to do(长时间,甚至永远停做某事。)
That department has ceased to exist forever.
(那个部门已不复存在。)
cease doing
(短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。)
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
(姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。)
try

try to do(努力,企图做某事。)
You must try to be more careful.
(你可要多加小心。)
try doing
(试验,试着做某事。)
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
go on

go on to do(做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。)
After he had finished his maths
he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。)
go on doing
(继续做原来做的事)
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
(作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习)
be afraid

be afraid to do(不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为""
She was afraid to wake her husband.
(她不敢去叫醒她丈夫)
be afraid of doing
(担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
mean

mean to do(打算、想)
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去)
mean doing
(意味着)
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力)
<2>
及物动词后接句子:

I know(that)he is a good guy.(我知道他是一个好人)

Do you know where he lives?(你知道他住哪吗?)

I don’t know where he lives.(我不知道他住哪)

Bill discovered who stole your money.(比尔发现是谁偷了你的钱)

I wouldn’t tell you what is in my pocket.(我不告诉你我口袋里装的是什么)

I’m not sure if she is an English teacher.(我不确定她是不是英语老师)

=I’m not sure weather she is an English teacher or not.

这里涉及到一个直接问句和间接问句:

直接问句:Where does he live?

间接问句:Do you know where he lives?

间接问句后边的句式都要用肯定句(划线部分)

注:间接句中,前半部分无论是不是问句,后边都要用肯定句式:

如:Bill discovered who stole your money.
 

<3>及物动词后接补语:

Push the door open.(把门推开)

How would you like coffee?(你想要什么样的咖啡?)

I’d like my coffee black.(我想要没有奶精的咖啡)

I believe he is an honest man.(我相信他是一个诚实的人)

=I believe him an honest man.
I consider them my friends.
(我视他们为我的朋友)

I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long.(很抱歉让你等了那么长时间)

I found my dad falling a sleep on the sofa.(我发现我爸爸在沙发上睡着了)

<4>及物动词后接补语(有点小小的不同就是在补语前加了一个as

先介绍几个短语词组,这几个词组都是“把A看作B”的意思,但也不是死的,有时可以看情况而定:

Regard A as B

Think of A as B

Take A as B

See A as B

View A as B

Describe A as

Treat A as B

I regard his behavior as childish.(我看他的行为是幼稚)

I think of him as a trust worthy friend.(我把他看作值得信任的朋友)

My mother is always treat me as a child.(我妈妈总是把我当小孩子看)

He described his mother as a thrifty woman.(他描述他的妈妈是一个节俭的女人)

He regards himself as a genius.(他把自己看作天才)

He views us as fools.(他把我们看作是傻瓜)

<5>及物动词后接两组名词(直接名词和间接名词):一般情况下,间接名词放于直接名词之前,但有时因为语感或其它原因,二者可能需要前后倒换,这时需要加入介词。(注:这里说的两组名词,可以是单个名词,也可以是名词片语):

直接名词:像东西、植物等划作直接名词

间接名词:人和动物划作间接名词。

I teach you English.(我教你英语

Mother give me some money.(妈妈给我了一些钱)

Mother give some money to me.(这里需加一介词to)

The teacher give john a dictionary as prize for his good grades.(老师给约翰发了一个字典作为他取得好成绩的奖励)

这句话最好不要说成:

The teacher give a dictionary as prize for his good grades to john.

The teacher will give presents to the students who have never been absent.(老师要给从来没有缺席的同学发礼物)

这句话不要说成:

The teacher will give the students who have never been absent presents.

这里可能会让朋友们有些迷惑,为什么有时直接放间接后,有时间接又放直接后了呢?

根据以上句子,我们可以总结出:不管是间接还是直接,只要这个句子长,那么就把它放在后面,把短的句子放在前边。看到这句话之后再回到上面两个句子中体会分析一下,就会明白了。

Please pass me the pepper.(请把胡椒粉递给我)

Please hand the pepper to me.(同上)

Can you give me a hand?(能帮一下我吗?)

Can you give me a favour?(同上)

Please hand the ketchup to me.(请把蕃茄酱递给我)

像以上这几个短句可以前后倒置,不需要一板一眼,但一定要按规则变换。(即一定要有介词噢)

 

    以上每种形式的句子下面的例子可能会有朋友觉得太多,我只是觉得可能里面放些生词,会有助于记忆,另外一些是一种中文意思的多种英文表达方式,这样也可以使朋友们多用几种表达,不至于当别人说同样的意思的不同表达式时感到无措。希望会对初学英语的朋友有所帮助。

    大家在看过学过之后如果有什么问题或者建议和意见,请到我们的版块----快乐英语吧(http://bbs.4lzx.com/thread-htm-fid-56.html)留言,我会及时回复。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

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